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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">oo</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Открытое образование</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Open Education</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1818-4243</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2079-5939</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Plekhanov Russian University of Economics</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21686/1818-4243-2019-3-33-41</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">oo-640</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>НОВЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>NEW TECHNOLOGIES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Самоадаптация обучающих программных систем на основе наблюдения за информационной средой</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Self-adaptation of e-learning software based on observing the information environment</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бершадский</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bershadskiy</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Александр Моисеевич Бершадский – доктор технических наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой САПР </p><p>Пенза</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksander M. Bershadskiy  – Dr. Sci. (Engineering), Professor, Head of the Department of CAD</p><p>Penza</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">bam@pnzgu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бождай</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bozhday</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Александр Сергеевич Бождай  – доктор технических наук, доцент, профессор кафедры САПР </p><p>Пенза</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksander S. Bozhday  – Dr. Sci. (Engineering), Associate Professor, Professor of the Department of CAD</p><p>Penza</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">bozhday@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гудков</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gudkov</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Алексей Анатольевич Гудков – кандидат технических наук, доцент кафедры САПР </p><p>Пенза</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksey A. Gudkov  – Cand. Sci. (Engineering), Associate Professor of the Department of CAD </p><p>Penza</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alexei-ag@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Евсеева</surname><given-names>Ю. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Evseeva</surname><given-names>Yu. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Юлия Игоревна Евсеева  – кандидат технических наук, доцент кафедры САПР </p><p>Пенза</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yulia I. Evseeva – Cand. Sci. (Engineering), Associate Professor of the Department of CAD </p><p>Penza</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">shymoda@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Пензенский государственный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Penza State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>26</day><month>06</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>23</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>33</fpage><lpage>41</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Бершадский А.М., Бождай А.С., Гудков А.А., Евсеева Ю.И., 2019</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Бершадский А.М., Бождай А.С., Гудков А.А., Евсеева Ю.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bershadskiy A.M., Bozhday A.S., Gudkov A.A., Evseeva Y.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://openedu.rea.ru/jour/article/view/640">https://openedu.rea.ru/jour/article/view/640</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Цель исследования</title><p>Цель исследования. Целью проводимого исследования является разработка нового универсального метода самоадаптации прикладных программных систем, используемых в сфере электронного обучения (E-Learning). Под самоадаптацией понимается способность программного приложения изменять собственную структуру и поведение в зависимости от внешних обстоятельств, к числу которых можно отнести, например, личностные характеристики обучаемого, что особенно актуально для систем, используемых в сфере образования. Подобное самоадаптивное поведение должно быть достаточно гибким и не сводиться к выбору одного из множеств вариантов поведения, заранее определяемых разработчиком (также подобные варианты поведения должны генерироваться на протяжении жизненного цикла системы). </p><p>Материалы и методы исследования. В качестве исходных данных предложенный метод использует массив пользовательских отзывов о программном обеспечении, для последующей обработки которого применяются методы латентно-семантического и дистрибутивно-статистического анализа. Для представления обобщенной самоадаптивной структуры системы используются модели характеристик. Конфигурации модели характеристик представляют собой отдельные состояния самоадаптивной системы, их генерация осуществляется автоматически на протяжении жизненного цикла программы следующим образом: на основе массива пользовательских отзывов формируется семантическая сеть основных понятий, характеризующих программу, которая в дальнейшем сопоставляется с исходной моделью характеристик и личностными характеристиками пользователя, оставившего отзыв. Определение личностных характеристик пользователя может осуществляться множеством способов (например, с помощью психологического тестирования или с помощью анализа результатов обучения). </p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Основными результатами проведенного исследования являются: 1) универсальные принципы построения самоадаптивной системы электронного обучения 2) способ представления самоадаптивной структуры программной системы в форме модели характеристик, актуальный для широкого круга программного обеспечения 3) новый универсальный метод самоадаптации прикладного программного обеспечения, используемого в сфере E-Learning, основные отличия которого от существующих заключаются, во-первых, в использовании мнений самих пользователей системы для настройки самоадаптивного поведения, во-вторых, в возможности генерации новых состояний системы на протяжении всего периода ее функционирования. </p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Разработанный теоретический аппарат позволяет существенным образом индивидуализировать процесс обучения, учитывать мнения и склонности самих обучаемых, снизить роль педагогического работника в оценке знаний и умений. Помимо проблем исключительно образовательного характера, применение метода позволяет также успешно решить технические вопросы, связанные с разработкой программного обеспечения в целом. К числу таких проблем относится, например, проблема сложности программного обеспечения, когда программа, показывающая хорошие результаты в одних условиях функционирования, показывает недостаточно хорошую производительность в других. Также серьезной задачей, с решением которой может справиться предложенный метод, является задача увеличения жизненного цикла программной системы. </p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Purpose of the research</title><p>Purpose of the research. The purpose of the study is to develop a new universal method of self-adaptation of applied software systems used in the field of e-learning (E-Learning). Self-adaptation refers to the ability of a software application to change its own structure and behavior depending on external circumstances, which include, for example, the trainee’s personal characteristics, which is especially important for systems used in education. Such self-adaptive behavior should be sufficiently flexible and not be reduced to the choice of one of the many behavioral options predetermined by the developer (such behaviors should also be generated throughout the system’s life cycle). </p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. The method being developed uses an array of user reviews about software as initial data, for the subsequent processing of which the methods of latent-semantic and distributive-statistical analysis are used. To represent the generalized self-adaptive structure of the system, models of characteristics are used. The configuration of the model of characteristics is a separate state of the self-adaptive system, they are generated automatically during the program’s life cycle as follows: based on an array of user reviews, a semantic network of basic concepts characterizing the program is formed, which is further compared with the original model of characteristics and personal characteristics of the user who left review. Determining a user’s personal characteristics can be done in a variety of ways (for example, using psychological testing or by analyzing learning outcomes). </p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The main results of the study are: 1) universal principles of building a self-adaptive e-learning system 2) a way of presenting the self-adaptive structure of a software system in the form of a characteristics model relevant to a wide range of software 3) a new universal method of self-adapting applied software used in E-Learning the main differences of which from the existing ones are, firstly, in using the opinions of the users of the system themselves to adjust with self-adaptive behavior, secondly, in the possibility of generating new states of the system throughout the entire period of its operation. </p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The developed theoretical apparatus makes it possible to significantly individualize the learning process, take into account the opinions and inclinations of the students themselves, reduce the role of the pedagogical worker in the assessment of knowledge and skills. In addition to problems of a purely educational nature, the application of the method also allows you to successfully resolve technical issues related to the development of software in general. Such problems include, for example, the problem of software complexity, when a program that shows good results in some operating conditions shows insufficient performance in others. Also a serious task, which the proposed method can cope with, is the task of increasing the life cycle of a software system. </p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>адаптация</kwd><kwd>виртуальная образовательная среда</kwd><kwd>E-Learning</kwd><kwd>самоадаптивные программные системы</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>adaptation</kwd><kwd>virtual educational environment</kwd><kwd>E-Learning</kwd><kwd>self-adaptive software</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке РФФИ в рамках научного проекта № 18-07-00408.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schobbens P. E., Heymans P., Trigaux J.C. Feature diagrams: a survey and formal semantics // 14th IEEE International Requirements Engineering Conference (RE’06). 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